Quastions ch 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quastions ch 1 - Essay Example Organizations participate in universal business as a proportion of getting to new markets for its one of a kind items, accessâ economies of scale, spread R&D expenses, and access to higher benefits attributable to certain advantages of working in the worldwide market including low creation cost, low rivalry, and financial and trade motivations. The development of worldwide business has quickened because of financial progression in duty structure and guideline attributable to the activities of WTO permitting firms to set base universally and still make benefits without being influenced duties and guidelines. The other explanation increasing speed of universal business is achievements in innovation regarding assembling, correspondence, and data, transportation advances making the world a worldwide town. The outcome has been capacity for large scale manufacturing, decrease in transport costs, and a decrease in criticalness of separation as a factor in deciding the nation of tasks. Worldwide monetary joining, WTO and GATT, and development to free market frameworks are different reasons that have encouraged the speeding up of universal business development (Herrmann, May 2012). The eventual fate of globalization is that of the proceeded with increment particularly in instruction division through worldwide effort of colleges, and understudy streams, movement of individuals and frameworks for worldwide food creation. With expanded interconnectedness, globalization will proceed at a quick rate prompting the trading of thoughts, merchandise, occupations, and cash. Enlarged globalization later on will bring about simpler access of data, expanded instability, and financial vulnerability. The reactions of globalization incorporate that it has prompted the annihilation of nature, inconsistent advancement of nations with the created nations having a superior bit of leeway over creating

Historical view of Prisons essays

Chronicled perspective on Prisons articles A significant and unmistakable improvement happened between the late eighteen and the mid twentieth century. This advancement was the utilization of jail as a mean of discipline. It was as of now which saw the development of the possibility of the jail as a foundation of first alternative inside which the criminal would be changed. Additionally during the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years, saw the improvement of a scope of elective foundations and condemning practices, with jail more if all else fails. Be that as it may, the reason for detainment was to turn into a significant continuous discussion between those upholding its correctional perspectives and those its reformatory potential. In this introduction I am going to see how persuading the view that detainment facilities created to teach the regular workers rather than rebuff guilty parties. William Eden in 1771 distributed the compelling Principles of Penal Law. In this distribution he questioned the estimation of jail sentences; it was his conviction that control frequently aggravated guilty parties. With this rule, Eden, started assisting with drafting new prison enactment which had the plan of placing wrongdoers into directed, systematic jails. The Penitentiary Act was passed in Parliament in 1779. This demonstration was drafted by Eden and furthermore Blackstone and Howard and accommodated the development of two prisons in the Metropolis, one for 600 men, the other for 300 ladies. Guilty parties held at these premises could be detained for as long as two years and would hold wrongdoers in any case at risk for transportation. They were to be formally dressed, kept to hard work in relationship with one another during the day. Around evening time they were to be closed in isolation. Area 5 of the demonstration focused on the improving expectations of the prisons: Inmates were to be acclimated with propensities for industry. The lawmakers were resolved to make restriction satisfactorily hard, thorough and undesirable. The ... <!

Are You Ready For Summer School

Are You Ready For Summer School Shannon, an experienced summer school teacher, shares her best tips for preparing for this teaching position. She also breaks down different types of summer schools, making it easier for you to know what to expect. Are you Ready for Summer School? The two words “summer school” can conjure up all kinds of images and emotions for both students and teachers. When I was a kid, I only heard of summer school as a threat of punishment, mostly on TV shows. “If you don’t get better grades, then you’ll have to go to summer school.” Today summer school comes in many different forms and addresses various student needs. If you are considering taking on some extra teaching duties this summer, do your homework before you commit. Find out what kind of program you will be implementing and the desired outcomes. Talk to colleagues who have taught summer school to see if it sounds like something you’d enjoy. Types of Summer School Programs Summer school programs generally feel much less structured than the regular school year. Summer sessions are shorter, lasting fewer days and usually fewer hours per day. Expect a much smaller student-to-teacher ratio. You won’t have as much time to get to know your students, but you will likely get more one-on-one time with each of them. Depending on the program, each student may be working on different assignments, also. Completion versus “Retake” Programs Many secondary summer programs are now designed for students to complete assignments for a class that they failed rather than retake the entire course. Often, the goal of their summer program is to finish the assignments that they didn’t turn in, or on which they received a failing grade. Regardless of the type of program, your daily encouragement and support are essential for your students. Remember that these students often have had negative experiences in school, may have low self-esteem, or may be dealing with health issues. Your positive attitude and consistent encouragement can go a long way with them. Show your students that you believe in them and celebrate as they accomplish each goal. Remedial Programs Some students may enroll in a summer program to practice or improve their skills in certain areas. I enrolled one of my children in such a program the summer after seventh grade. He needed a confidence boost in both language arts and math. At first, I was worried that he would see the summer program as punishment, but he actually enjoyed it. He was one of just a few students and received ample attention from the teacher. As a struggling student, he had often remained quiet in class, afraid to ask questions. With one-on-one attention, he could ask anything he wanted without fearing the reactions of classmates. After the first week, he told me how he liked the program and that it gave him “something to do” over the long summer break. Enrichment Programs Many summer school programs are geared toward students with specific interests or talents such as music, science, or technology. If you are teaching in one of these programs, avoid the mistake of being overconfident that your students all want to be there. Some may have a great desire to attend, but others may only be there as a result of a parental decision. You are still on the hook to keep the program engaging for your students. Learn Expectations A few years ago, I was hired to teach the second half of a summer school session. I missed the staff orientation because I was traveling with my family at the time. The principal kindly excused me and told me not to worry about it; they would get me up to speed when I arrived. Huge mistake! I was briefed on the basics the morning of my first day, but I had missed many important details regarding daily routines and procedures. I made at least one mistake per hour on that first day. A voice from the office kept interrupting me over the loudspeaker to tell me what I needed to do next time. Those errors caused me to lose credibility with many of my students. Learn the Curriculum Expectations The program you are teaching may be highly structured, or you may have tons of flexibility. The summer program that I taught was a beginning Spanish class for secondary students who had had little or no previous exposure to Spanish. I was handed a blank slate to teach anything I wanted. It was the perfect opportunity to bring in some music, art projects, and games to expose the students to basic Spanish vocabulary and introduce some culture. I also rewarded them with a sampling of foods and beverages. Learn About Your Students If you have access to academic records, take some time to learn a bit about your students. You can also start the first day with a survey to learn about your students’ interests and goals. Remember that you won’t have as many days to build relationships with your students. Expect the Unexpected Don’t expect summer school to feel like the regular school year. Your students have engaged in a full academic year of learning, and they are ready for a change. Your challenge is to keep them engaged. It needs to be different from a regular school day. For students of all ages, think about how you can use hands-on activities and games to teach the curriculum. If possible, take your students outside for physical activity or a break. Be sure to communicate your ideas with your supervisor since she/he may have specific expectations. Take Care of Yourself Hopefully, your entire summer isn't consumed with teaching and taking continuing education credits. Make sure that you are getting enough time to refresh and replenish yourself over the summer break.Have you taught summer school? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Shannon Krzyzewski is a veteran educator with over twenty-five years of experience teaching Spanish, English/Language Arts, and Social Studies at both the middle and high school levels in the Seattle area. She is now a freelance writer, editor, and educational consultant residing in Montana’s Flathead Valley.

Abortion Is The Ending Of Hyperlink - 1534 Words

What is abortion? Abortion is the ending of HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy o Pregnancy pregnancy by removing a HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus o Fetus fetus or HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo o Embryo embryo before it can HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_viability o Fetal viability survive outside the uterus. An abortion which occurs spontaneously is also known as a HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage o Miscarriage miscarriage. An abortion may be caused purposely and is then called an HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion l Induced induced abortion, or less frequently, induced miscarriage. The word abortion is often used to mean only induced abortions. A similar procedure after the fetus could potentially survive outside the womb is known as a HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_termination_of_pregnancy o Late termination of pregnancy late termination of pregnancy. This is just a s imple definition of what abortion is. Many individuals in today’s society view abortion in many different ways. One way is that it is seen as a negative thing to do. They feel that when you have the abortion procedure done, you are murdering the child. Which is against every moral that human beings live by today. On the other hand, some people feel that having the option to have an abortion is great. Reason being, individuals feel that there are specialShow MoreRelatedMoral Studies Assignment2172 Words   |  9 Pagesfight the negative and unhealthy elements in the use of internet? Study the problem from moral, social, politics and business perspective. Internet is a great and irreplaceable platform for countless activities starting from simple communication and ending with things like banking and shopping. Internet allows millions of people stay in touch no matter how far they are, it grants countless possibilities to its users. You can buy, surf and travel without leaving your house and all of that is Internet’sRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesforces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuries suggests the need for flexibility in demarcating phases of world history, and for determining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored

Harry Benjamin About Transgender Individuals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1730 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? Early Life and Education Harry Benjamin was born in Berlin, Germany on January 12, 1885 to a German mother and Jewish father. He was the oldest of three siblings. His father converted to Lutheranism shortly before Dr. Benjamins birth. Dr. Benjamin enjoyed opera from a young age, and was enamored with singer Geraldine Farrar, who sang at the Royal Opera. In his frequenting of opera houses, he became acquainted with a house physician, and began to learn his trade from him. He served in the Prussian Guards prior to his medical studies. Dr. Benjamin met Magnus Hirschfeld in his early twenties, and subsequently read Die sexuelle Frage. Eine naturwissenschaftliche, psychologische, hygeinische und soziologische Stude fur Gebildete (The sexual question. A scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study for educated people) by Auguste Forel, which piqued his interest in human sexuality. He and Dr. Hirschfeld frequented gay bars to observe their drag shows, as their shared interest was in human sexuality, and what Dr. Hirschfeld called transvestitesa very outdated term that he coined during his study in 1910, used to describe individuals who dress as the opposite sex, usually males dressing as female, for sexual or other kinds of satisfaction. This was the first major study on transgender individuals, and Dr. Hirschfeld founded the Institute of Sex (translated from German), which was later destroyed by Hitler at the start of the Holocaust. These outings were Dr. Benjamins introduction to the field of sexology. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harry Benjamin About Transgender Individuals" essay for you Create order Education and Early Career Dr. Benjamin studied medicine at T? ±bingen in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. He finished his academic program in 1912, and wrote his final dissertation on tuberculosis. During his post-graduate years, he worked with several different doctors in various field. One of these doctors had finally cured tuberculosis of the joints, which was a huge development in 1913. A wealthy banker paid a large amount of money for Dr. Benjamin to travel to New York to cure his son. The press had reported that the cure worked better than it did, and when Dr. Benjamin was unable to cure his son, the banker refused to pay for his trip back to Germany. Dr. Benjamin attempted to return home in 1914, but was on a ship that was heading for an area that France had hostile control over, and the ships captain opted to turn back, and Dr. Benjamin was left with his last dollar. Upon realizing that he was stuck in New York indefinitely, Dr. Benjamin found a job at a New York hospital. In 1925, Dr. Benjamin married his wife Gretchen, and soon after his mother came to live with him after his father died. Dr. Benjamin also met Sigmund Freud in 1925, who was not fond of him because of a joke that he made: disharmony of the emotions may be the dishormony of the endocrines. Of course Freuds assumption was that Dr. Benjamin was a latent homosexual. Sexology and Transsexual (Transgender) Research In 1930, Dr. Benjamin and his wife brought Dr. Hirschfeld to the United States, and they worked together on private lectures. In 1945, he was introduced to Alfred Kinsey, the creator of the well-known Kinsey Scale, a gradient scale to describe ones sexuality (table 1). Three years later, he encountered his first patient that he recognized to be different than a transvestite, as the patient genuinely felt that she was a woman (she was born male), and he prescribed her estrogen. In the next twenty or so years he would see numerous patients with similar ailments, counsel them, and aid in their transition. He called these patients transsexuals. Dr. Benjamin studied not only the physical effects of the transitional process, but also the emotional, mental, and behavioral issues. In 1966, he released The Transsexual Phenomenon, which documented his studies on hundreds of patients, about half of which were diagnosed transsexual (as opposed to transvestite). He came up with the Benjamin Scale, which scored patients between transvestite and transsexual, judging them on items such as gender feeling, dressing habits, the infamous Kinsey Scale, conversion operation, hormone medication, and psychotherapy (table 2). In his studies, he found that with physical changes, such as those brought on by hormone injections, his patients started to feel more emotional and mental congruency with their bodies. This gave them comfort, and they were finally able to excel as human beings and citizens. In 1966, Dr. Benjamin gave a lecture in Los Angeles about his first contact with transsexuals. He treated a trans woman (he called them transsexual males), who later was in an accident. In the medical documentation, he was disappointed to find that the medical examiner documented this patient as a male degenerate; she was wearing male clothing over female clothing. Because of this bias, the patient was allowed to decline physically and pass away, where they would otherwise be fine, given proper treatment. He went on to talk about the taboo around sex change, stating sarcastically, surgical manipulation of the genitals are off limits, but we can do anything else, like lobotomies. This remark was followed by laughter by his listeners. In this same lecture, Dr. Benjamin stated that through his research, he found that something happened during fetal life to cause transsexualism, and something may have happened in their early childhood that further conditioned, but in the end it was a matter of a predispositionthat is, they did not have a choice. He later went on to talk about plans to do minor animal testing at Stanford University. Dr. Benjamin called the psychological condition of being transgender gender dysphoriaa term that is still used today, but will be phased out and replaced with gender incongruence in the 2025 revision of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual. Legacy Dr. Benjamin retired at age ninety. He had seen hundreds of transgender patients, and changed their lives. He pioneered treatment of transgender individuals, and began the destigmatization of these patients. While Dr. Benjamin was primarily an endocrinologist, he was also a sexologist and spent significant amounts of time researching the behaviors and motivations of what we know today as transgender individuals. In 1978, Dr. Benjamin founded the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIBDA), which is still the worlds leading resource on transgender treatment, and known today as World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). HBIBDA released the first rendition of the Standards of Care for transgender individuals, and WPATH releases periodic revisions, based on research and societal language changes. Examples of this are transsexual now being transgender, the addition of nonbinary individuals (those who do not fit into any gender stereotype, thus are between or outside of the gender spectrum), and changing gender dysphoria to gender incongruence. The latter change is due to the implication that every trans person must suffer from gender dysphoria, which is known to be a horrendous affliction, causing profound depression and often suicidatlity. This has been found to not be a consistent truthI myself have never suffered from gender dysphoria; incongruence re sonates much more soundly with me: I only felt content after transitioning. Dr. Benjamin died at 101 years old, in 1986. He left behind a legacy that has affected and improved the lives of thousand upon thousands of transgender individuals. WPATH continues to be the leader in transgender healthcare, and has provided many with resources for therapy, hormone therapy, and surgical intervention. His work as undoubtedly saved an overwhelming amount of livesthe rate of suicide attempts of transgender individuals is 41% prior to transitioning. Without his work, we wouldnt have the amount of knowledge or destigmatization that we have today. Effects on my Personal Life and Psyche Dr. Benjamins research has had very real effects on my personal life and psyche. I lived the first twenty eight years of my life feeling a profound incongruence with my assigned gender (the gender one is assigned at birth, including intersex individuals who present with characteristics of both genders). This led to a plethora of psychological, familial, social, and occupational obstacles because I was conflicted about how to relate to the people around me. I was a tom boy from a very early age, and dressed masculine for my entire lifeexcept when forced to do otherwise by my unknowing parents. I finally came out and began my transition with testosterone therapy at age 28, in 2014. Physical and emotional changes came on quickly, and I had two surgeries within eight months of beginning hormone therapywith my court-ordered name and gender change in the mix. I finally began to feel at peace with my perception of myself and havent looked back since. Im calmer and happier than Id been durin g any other era of my life, and I have had some seriously dark times. I was not a complete person prior to transtioning. None of this would have been possible without Dr. Benjamins research and advocacy. He opened doors for an extremely disenfranchised group of people to realize who they are and get closer to being able to achieve self-actualization. I mentioned earlier that the documented attempted suicide rate among transgender individuals is 41%. This number is pre-transition individuals; after being able to transition, this number drops close to the same level as cisgender (non-trangender) individuals. Dr. Benjamin also founded the organization now known as WPATH. This organization has historically created the guidelines for the safest and most thorough care plans for transgender individuals. The classic path to transition begins with extensive psychotherapy and living as your intended gender for a period of time prior to beginning medical intervention. Recently, some impatient individuals have pushed practitioners to implement informed consent, which is a watered down set of requirements to transi tion: see a therapist once or twice, address any hypertension or hyperlipidemia that could be dangerous, sign a paper stating youve been informed of the risks. This undereducation has led to patients panicking because they dont understand whats happening to their body, and a rise in regret to the point of detransitioning (stopping transition and taking steps to transition back). While the language he used is now very outdated, Dr. Benjamin developed a process in order to keep his patients safe and healthy while they undergo a very taxing, however lifechanging process. He helped fight the stigma during a time where being transgender was not understoodeven using humor during lectures to get his point across. Transgender therapy and medicine was not understood by any means. Dr. Benjamin left behind a legacy that has changed many lives, and opened the doors for a greater societal acceptance and normalization of transgender individuals.

Health Care Interview Free Essays

There are many components to a hospital or medical facility. All of them are necessary to have a properly functioning environment. The emergency department of a hospital is a fast paced world. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now You have to be constantly on your toes and prepared for whatever may come through the doors. There are many people that work in an emergency room to make it run smoothly. Techs, nurses, CNA’s, LVN’s, and doctors all work side by side to help those who are critically injured. Without all these people it would be complete chaos. Triage is usually the first step of the emergency room and helps determine severity of each patient. Once through triage, the patient is either sent to a different area of emergency or another part of the hospital. The emergency department is usually broken down into different parts as well. Typically, there is a trauma area, an area for those less urgent, resuscitation areas, and even a psychiatric area. Trauma is reserved for those with life threatening injuries or illness and is always stocked with the equipment needed for these cases. Resuscitation areas are for those who come in unconscious or DOA (dead on arrival). These rooms are equipped with all the equipment necessary to try and save someone’s life. There are many things done in an emergency department. Vitals are the usually the first thing when a patient comes into the emergency room. An injury or illness may not be immediately visible; vitals are an easy way to see if anything is out of the ordinary right off the bat. When injury is more apparent, like a broken bone, x-rays can be done right in the emergency room. EKG’s are often performed on those complaining of chest pain. The emergency room also does the simple stuff like suturing wounds or doing ultrasounds. As you can see there is not much the emergency room cannot do. It is the center of the hospital. My interviewee specifically works in the emergency department of Valley Children’s Hospital. Although the primary patients are children eighteen years of age and younger, they will accept all patients until stabilized and able to be transported to the correct hospital. A children’s hospital is a type of specialty hospital. There are many other types of specialty hospitals, but this type specifically caters to children. The emergency at this hospital sees many different types of injuries and illness. Although, this hospital is well known for seeing the sickest children from Bakersfield to Sacramento, they care for kids with rare cancers and other life threatening illnesses. I chose to interview Jeff Gonzales who is a technician in the emergency room. Upon starting the interview, I quickly got the feeling that the technicians do a lot more than I would have thought. The technicians are usually the first person the patient deals with. They start the initial work up and take the vitals. After the nurses and doctors have decided on a proper course of treatment, the technicians often help with the procedures or getting the patient to the correct area of the hospital. The technicians may also draw blood for cultures or even splint a patient. â€Å"We are kind of all over the place, go where I am needed and help where I can,† explains Jeff. Like any good profession these days, there is some education that is required to attain a position like this. Jeff went to school for phlebotomy and was originally planning on being a fire fighter. After gaining the emergency training from the fire academy, Jeff was unfortunately injured and could no longer go after that career. However, his emergency training comes in handy for the emergency room, he states, â€Å"you have to be prepared for anything, having the EMT training helps me when things get hectic. † As for additional training, the only thing that needs to be kept to date is his phlebotomy license. All other training is provided by the hospital and is typically done on an annual basis. Working in an environment with so many different people could cause problems. You have to learn to trust your coworkers and work together to the best of your ability. Letting management know about any problems right away helps a lot because the issues can get addressed immediately. â€Å"Like any job, there may be that one person you do not get along with, but as long as you do your best to just do your job and avoid drama, you will be okay,† he says. Taking care of the patients is always the number one priority in hospitals. Jeff informed me that the best way to make it through the day is to be compassionate and have patience. Dealing with children can be hard, especially to those who have children of their own. When we lose a patient, it is hard not to take it personally,† he says. That is where the compassion comes in. Losing anyone is not a happy time, but dealing with children, it is difficult to not get attached. Being patient is important because you are dealing with kids. â€Å"Sometimes the children do not understand what we are asking o r why we are poking them, so being patient is very important,† says Jeff. Although there are many changes starting to roll out in health care, Jeff informed me that he has not personally experienced any of them so far. He explained that most of the changes occurring in his place of employment were in upper positions. He did mention that he thinks that technology has come a long way in the medical field and is heading the right direction. Electronic medical records have made every aspect of patient care easier and improved communication between doctors. Also, the advances in surgery have also made things in the emergency room easier. With lasers and other computer controlled surgeries, the turnaround for recovery is much lower and often times an overnight stay is not even necessary. After taking a deeper look into this department of a hospital it is easy to understand why it is so important. Without an emergency department, trauma and critically ill patients would have nowhere to go. With so many people in on place it is hard to keep things organized. All the parts of the department must function like a well-oiled machine to keep up with the chaos that occurs in emergency rooms. The teams of medical professionals have big responsibilities to their patients, especially the children. How to cite Health Care Interview, Papers

Solar Energy Project in East Timor-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Solar Energy Project in East Timor. Answer: Introduction ATA stands for Alternate Technology Associations. It is a nonprofit organization. It aims to make the most utilization of the alternative form of energy. This report focuses on a solar project by ATA in an underdeveloped country called East Timor. This report explains about the project execution plan of this solar energy project. Problem Statement The Alternate Technology Associations is a nonprofit organization. Its project in East Timor is a solar energy project. Solar energy is an alternative form of energy that is required in every place. It is a renewable energy. East Timor is the neighbor of Australia and it is an underdeveloped country. About thirty five per cent of the houses in East Timor do not have the supply of electricity ("MGT5IPM Introduction of the ATA and Its East Timor Project", 2017). This country does not have access to the national electricity grid. Project Execution Plan Project Objective The small scale solar project in East Timor aims at providing the houses at East Timor with solar electricity that is renewable in nature. The main project that they have worked for ten years is Village Lighting scheme that aims to supply clean solar powered basic electricity and lighting for the households that are located in the rural and remote areas and have no access to the national grid of electricity("MGT5IPM Business Case Planning", 2017). And now they are planning to expand it. Scope The scope of the Solar Energy project in East Timor is to provide solar electricity to at least 800, houses in the country. Training of around 30 to 40 technicians in the locality and set up village committees also fall under the scope of the project. Project Completion Time: 2 years Financial plan The financial worth of the project was 300,000 dollars from the year 2014 to 2016. Google Impact Challenge was the main fund providing source for this project. Previously ATA had relied on donations from the members and small donations from any other nonprofit organizations and groups ("The Alternative Technology Association ATA solar projects in East Timor", 2017). But Google had contributed the most in this project that helped ATA to successfully develop the solar energy project in East Timor. The East Timor Friendship groups had also played an important role in funding the solar energy project. Project Design Plan ATA had planned to design a solar system that was specific for the purpose of this project. It needed a lot of technical designing and developmental work. This was carried out by long term volunteers of ATA (Kerzner, 2013). These volunteers had electronics skills. A microbe controller in the system was developed that was extremely powerful in nature. This was very hard to get tampered. Project Management Methodology A systematic approach has been followed by ATA to carry out this solar energy project in East Timor. Their previous Lighting project had helped them to develop a good idea about the country (Burke, 2013). ATA had a partnership with a local organization that had helped them in the planning and execution of this solar energy project. The initial plan was to enhance the solar lighting scheme. The ATA team planned to work with the local communities in the village where they were planning to install the system. They had planned to set up a village committee that was responsible for the management of this project in that area (O'Connell, 2012). This village committee would be responsible for maintaining the solar system installed at every house and also for purchasing spare parts and repairing any broken part. In order to make this plan sustainable and successful, ATA trained local solar technicians in every village. These technicians were trained to install the system and regularly maintain the systems. They were also trained to repair the systems and take any backup or support form ATAs partner organization. This team was able to provide support for any type of complex process. ATA had planned to design database and solar map for tracking of the ATAs present and future projects (Larson Gray, 2013). This was a new plan that has not been done before in East Timor. Installation Plan There were two types of season in East Timor: wet and dry seasons. The plan of ATA was to install the systems in every house in two dry seasons. They followed a backward plan. They had planned to remunerate their partner organizations in order to carry out this plan. Careful planning and sequencing was done to install the systems in 12 different villages of East Timor over three different districts. Logistics Plan They had planned that the vehicles that took the systems for installation could take only certain number of systems at a time. There was only one truck that carried out this function. So there was proper planning so that the truck is able to take the systems with no delay and made sure that the condition of the local roads was all right. Project Risks The main risk seen in this project for ATA is their inability to speak the Timorese language. They had the local organization that had been involved in a water management project and had idea about the local community. They even know how to manage and handle huge amounts of money. But the risk lies in the indirect communication that takes place in East Timor. Even if the language was translated to ATA, they could not get idea about the indirect communication of the people (Bahadori Nwaoha, 2013). Another main risk or challenge faced by the project is the purchasing or procurement issue. ATA aimed to get high quality solar energy equipments that were not possible to be delivered by the local organization or the Timorese organization. There is also some kind of exchange rate risk involved in case of importing the components. Risk Management or Control Plan Some of the members of ATA have their own electronic businesses. The other members are involved in designing and technical activities so ATA can make their own devices. Some of the components were taken from China following the process of ethical supply chain management. The main regulator of the system was designed in Melbourne. While making the budget plan an allowance was made for the exchange rate risk due to the fluctuations in the foreign exchange. Recommendation This project can be improved in the future by using bio solar cells. Researchers have also developed photo bioelectrochemical cells that use the reaction of photosynthesis. Another method that can be used is reshaping of the solar spectrum for turning it into electricity. These methods are modern and advanced methods that can be used for the purpose of generating electricity. Conclusion This report concludes that the solar energy system in East Timor will help the natives of the place in several ways. This project report explains the steps to be taken in order to execute the plan of this project. References Bahadori, A., Nwaoha, C. 2013. A review on solar energy utilisation in Australia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,18, pp.1-5. Burke, R. 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H. 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W., Gray, C. 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. MGT5IPM Business Case Planning. 2017.YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLE5HAQYUwLAd1tTH_UdzWEleUKVLyHoKwv=wxrKRPz7MJc, August 18, 2017. MGT5IPM Introduction Of The ATA And Its East Timor Project. 2017.YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TB7qM8s8bpY, August 18, 2017. O'Connell, M. 2012. (Solar) power to the people of Timor Leste.ECOS,2012(168). The Alternative Technology Association ATA solar projects in East Timor. 2017.Ata.org.au. https://www.ata.org.au/ata-solar-projects-in-east-timor, August 18, 2017.

The Haunted Trail Essays - COPS, USA Cartoon Express, Television

The Haunted Trail Legends The Haunted Trail Well, there was once like fifteen or twen'y years ago this kid, right. An' this kid was like all f***ed up on like ?shrooms an' acid an' stuff. Kinda like ______. (Laughter) Anyway this night he got inna fight with his parents, an' he like skitzed out an' went nuts an' ran out the back door of the house. Well, the kid never came home that night so his parents called the cops to try an' find him, an' they told them that they were already searching the area because some dude had called them and told them that he had hit a naked kid while driving along the trail that night, an' when he got out to see if the kid was alright, there was nobody there. So anyway they sent out this big search party up into the woods around the trail an' everything an' they couldn't find anything. So the search was called off when it started to get dark but they weren't really too worried cause they figured the kid was all screwed up and just took off into the woods to chill out for awhile, and would turn up i n a day or two. Dude didn't show up ever again, there was never any sign of him or his body or anything, it was like he jus' disappeared. Anyway one night there were these chicks campin' up in the field off the side of the trail, an' they were out runnin' around in the woods doin' their chick things all half canned when one of em starts screaming an' freakin' out an' sh*t. So the others run over to see what's wrong an' there's this naked bloody body. So they all start screamin' an' freakin out an' they runs and gets back to camp, hop in the car, an' goes to get the cops. So there's another big search an' the girls show ?em the spot but again there's no sign an' it gets called off . Now they say that the kid is livin' up here an all the drugs have got him gone crazy, an' he's waiting for someone to do weird sh*t to. Some people have been drivin' up the trail an' seen this naked guy run across the road an' stuff. An' y'all know M_____?(Answers of yes) Well he live up off the trail on the main road an' he told me that sometimes at night different houses will hear this knockin' on their door an' it won't stop an' as soon a s they get to the door it stops, they open it, an' there's no one there.

Huxley Brave New World essays

Huxley Brave New World essays A full and meaningful life ultimately rests upon the individual's ability to make choices and to determine the course of their own existence. Even when these choices are wrong, and they make the person miserable, it is the freedom of will that makes life meaningful and worthwhile. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley's vision of utopia is a world that is free from strife and discomfort, where every need is met, and where anything that is potentially difficult or disturbing is removed. Through the words of John the Savage, we see the danger in such a utopia, where individual freedom and choice is compromised. In this world, life becomes a sterile reflection of the true diversity and passion that comes from individual choice. John argues that the freedom to be unhappy is one of the most fundamental rights and needs that human beings possess. Aldous Huxley's novel, Brave New World, describes a world where personal choice and the ability to be unhappy have been traded for a society where discomfort is unheard of, and everyone is obsessed with being happy. In this view of utopia, violence does not exist, and all human needs are met. Potential unhappiness is treated by a pill, soma, religion does not exist, and meaningful relationships are discouraged. Huxley's view of utopia clearly excludes individuality. In The Brave New World, true individuality is not an option. Notes the Director, "'We predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future . . .' He was going to say 'future World controllers,' but correcting himself, said 'future Directors of Hatcheries,' instead" (13). In Huxley's utopia, happiness is contingent upon accepting a preordained place in the social order. Notes the Director, "that is the secret of happiness and virtue-liking what you've got to do. All condition...

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Human Resource Management - Essay Example They have therefore devised innovative human resource management practices that empower workers to make decisions on matters that affect them. As a result, employee involvement and participation has become the central pillar of HRM. Employee participation and involvement (EIP) are often used interchangeably but as Hyman and Mason (1995) puts it; the two concepts have different meanings. Participation efforts are achieved through a legal framework designed by the government to enable employees to have a voice although at times they may exist in absence of such legislations like in Japan. On the other hand, involvement mechanisms are initiated by the management to enable them cope with the challenges of today’s economic climate. For the sake of this paper the two concepts will be used interchangeably since there is a very thin line between involvement and participation. The choice of the mechanism is determined by the political, social and economic conditions of the country and organization for which it is designed. Recently, there have been changes in the legal climate due to European Union initiatives aimed at improving working conditions and standards of living thereby initiating various participation mechanisms such as consultations (Knudsen, 1995). The paper will discuss the extent to which EIP initiatives have been a success. Definitions Employee involvement and participation can be defined as efforts geared towards empowering employees to influence decisions on matters that affect them by pushing responsibility for decisions down the organization hierarchy. The role of the employer in decision making process thus declines while that of the employee increases (Heathfield, 2011). This is done with the belief that by empowering employees, they will have a sense of ownership and hence gain morale, job satisfaction and commitment to organization goals. It is also believed that job satisfaction and commitment lead to improved retention as well attraction of the best talent in the labour market thereby achieving a sustained competitive advantage. Furthermore, the management requires to make quality decisions and this is enhanced by input from the workforce (Gennard & Judge, 2005). Participatory activities are also aimed at complying with legal requirements and in Europe it has led to increased role for trade unions. Historical Background Management efforts to improve productivity and efficiency began decades ago with the advent of scientific management systems advanced by Taylor and Ford. They believed that division of labour was the key to organization effectiveness and efficiency. Taylor thus concentrated on how to get most work done by analysing all tasks and designing jobs to eliminate wasted time. He ensured maximum job fragmentation and minimisation of skill requirements; employees were considered as stupid hence not able to make decisions (Bratton & Gold, 2001). Ford on the other hand, introduced assembly line method of produc tion which entailed short-cycles and standardization of commodities and processes. The division of labour led to monotony and boredom, job dissatisfaction, high absenteeism and turnover as well as increased costs in terms of monitoring and cooperation costs. This led to pressure for better methods of management by the human relations movement. The human

Analysis of General Theories of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of General Theories of History - Essay Example Experiences from one generation to another do not vary greatly; thereby it is important to learn lessons from the overall course of history. The first attempt to record the science of history was undertaken by the Greeks about twenty-five hundred years ago. The need to comprehend history and translate its effects into the future does not arise in societies with long-standing and relatively steady social structures. Such a state of affairs is not given much consideration. However, when societies face sudden drastic turmoil which triggers changes in the social structure, then understanding the underlying motives which led to the change becomes imperative. Usually wars, travelling, trade and colonization result in an entirely different culture being imposed on the society which they come into contact with. This forced integration of diverse cultures culminates in a clash between different social strata; so it becomes crucial to identify and comprehend the sources and foundations of such oppositions. Men of knowledge compare and contrast various sorts of governments and social structures in an attempt to resolve differences and bring harmony to the society. It is obvious that conflict resolution is not possible unless conflict description and diagnosis are accurate enough. The role and responsibility of creating accurate problem diagnosis is within the domain of political theorists. Neither has history been created nor have our social structures evolved in accordance with a pre-defined plan. Nature has not dictated the course of events rather it is the people who compose societies who chose their cultural norms, established various institutions and developed ideologies. It is time to realize that the human nature itself is determined by changes in life and labour. History has been shaped by economic progress, division of society in different social-economic strata, changes in condition of labour, advancements in production and trading. In this respect there have be en a number of different contributions to thought on political history from various quarters. The evolution of political history in its current forms can be seen as deriving from the Age of Enlightenment where thinkers such as Hegel and Kant picked up the gauntlet to define history in such a manner. This work was carried on later by numerous others including Karl Marx who has had a major impact on the modern day given his role in the creation of a communist ideology. In more modern terms, the earliest thoughts on the philosophy of history derived from the views and work of Kant. He held that humanity had been driven into its current state of autonomy through the use of enlightened despotism (Kant, 1991) (Murphy, 1994). Kant’s views on the issue can be seen more clearly through his work titled Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose. Kant produced a paradoxical picture by expounding on the one hand that national liberation was only possible through enlightened despotism while ultimate autonomy rested entirely with the individual’s will to gain it (Williams, 1992). Kant recognised that history ensured that progress had to come in human affairs but Kant’s method of delineating the mechanism remains self-contradictory (Hampsher-Monk, 1993). Strangely he holds that liberation lies solely through

Post Bureaucracy And Decentralisation In Intensive Competition Management Essay

Post Bureaucracy And Decentralisation In Intensive Competition Management Essay Organisational structure is critical to a companys effectiveness of performance, and organisational structure varies according to companies unique contexts. Since 1980s, a growing literature has argued that the age of bureaucracy has ended or is ending, and there is a fundamental move beyond bureaucracy (Heckscher, 1998, p.2). We are moving from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy. Generally speaking, post-bureaucracy includes subcontracting, decentralisation, flexible organisational boundaries, the boundaryless corporation and networking (Ackroyd, 1991). Since decentralisation is a very important part of post-bureaucracy, I will explain it separately. There are many factors that drive organisational structure from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy, such as fast technological change, intensive competition, rapidly changing product markets and customer demands, and the requirement of flexibility. Cost reduction is also an important factor to trigger this trend. However, this trend also generates some concerns and criticism. For subcontracting, there may be insufficient supply of suitable workers; inconsistency of workflow may lead to inflexible which is against the flexible feature of post-bureaucracy; it will also enlarge the pay difference between core workers and periphery workers; there may be also lower level of products or services provided; and it can resul t in inefficiency of teamwork. Temporary workers tend to move between companies according to the pay and benefit levels. Because of this high flow of workforce, companies may resist to train employees. It will also be more difficult for unions and government to regulate such decentralised forms. In this paper, I will first talk about the definition of post-bureaucracy and decentralisation; then I will explain the reasons why companies are fascinated about post-bureaucracy and decentralisation; and finally, I will discuss and evaluate concerns and criticism of such trend and their validity. Main Body What is Post-Bureaucracy and Decentralisation? Generally speaking, post-bureaucratic organisational structure is about moving away from bureaucratic organisational structure and it is about decentralisation, corporation and networking. Post-bureaucracy blurs the boundaries between companies and countries, and post-bureaucracy encourage interorganisational relationships which include strategic alliance, joint venture, outsourcing/ subcontracting, unilateral agreement and network organisation (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004, p. 557-560). Post-bureaucratic organisational structure stresses spontaneity, empowerment, participation, decentralisation, flexibility, downsized and delayered, and team work between the organisation and its environment (Ackroyd, 2002; Maravelias, 2003). The autonomy existing in post-bureaucratic structure is much more than it is in bureaucratic structure. According to Heckscher and Donnellon (1994), in order to successfully build post-bureaucratic structure, there must be some trust because through this structu re, there will be many knowledge and information sharing, interaction and corporation. Unlike bureaucratic model which is about directing participants, post-bureaucratic structure requires persuading participants (Heckscher and Donnellon, 1994). One of the most obvious features of post-bureaucracy is subcontracting which means using agent temporary workers to complete specific tasks that used to be conducted by companies direct workers (Rees and Fielder, 1992). Post-bureaucracy means decentralised on many aspects of organisation; however, it does not mean that there is no domination at all (Josserand et al, 2006). No matter how decentralised an organisation is, it still requires some degree of control and hierarchies to make sure the company is on the right direction. Decentralisation means that companies give the power of decision-making to lower levels of groups (Schermerhorn et al, 1994). The lower levels of groups do not necessarily mean management groups; it can be any sub-units within the company. With the delegation, such groups can enjoy a degree of autonomy or independence (Mullins, 2005, p.1053). Decentralisation usually associated with fewer hierarchies, wider span of control and free flow of ideas (Mullins, 2005). Mullins also mentioned that there are many advantages of decentralisation, such as increased employees motivation, quick responsiveness to local changes and improved support services. Why are Post-Bureaucracy and Decentralisation fascinated? Companies are fascinated and apply more about post-bureaucracy and decentralisation because they have many advantages which contribute to the effectiveness of companies performance. There are many factors encourage companies to move from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy. First, the fast change of technology requires companies to corporate and works together (Mayle, 2006). This is especially important for high-technology, innovation industries and telecommunication companies because technological change is more obvious in those industries. No matter how many highly skilled expertises a company has, there are always some technologies it cannot develop by itself or get access to. However, through corporation and networking, companies can share the latest information and technology-based knowledge. The wide variety of information allows people to conduct their jobs more effectively (Guetzkow, 1965). This is similar with DeGeuss idea of organizational learning which means organizations learn from each other and improve during the process of corporation (see Schneier, 1994). DeGeus argued that through organizational learning, it helps companies to better adopt and facilitate to dynamic change and then make improvement. Corporation and networking can also h elp companies to gain competitive advantages (Porter, 1996). This is true because each company has its own technological strength. If companies can share their own strength with others, there will be mutual benefits. If companies cannot follow the new technological change, they may either produce with higher cost or have lower productivity. Second, global and intensive competition requires companies to move towards post-bureaucracy, such as subcontracting and outsourcing. Because of the intensive competition, companies need to reduce production costs or improve productivity in order to stay in business and gain competitive advantages. The main reason that companies are using agencies is the requirement of reducing labour cost (Ward et al, 2001). There are a wide variety of outsourcing, such as technology services outsourcing (software, telecommunications et al) and business process outsourcing (accounting, logistics et al) (Offshoring Times, 2009). Companies can also outsource HR functions to reduce labour cost. For example, BP Amoco outsourced its human resource function to a US-based company-Exult; and Exult helped BP with almost all HR functions, such as training, employee relations and recruitment; and for the first year of their contracting, BP successfully cut its cost from US$350 million to $250 million (Pickard, 2000). The third reason is the rapidly changing product market and customer demands force companies to corporate with each other. Because of the rapid changing environment, companies need to adjust their production quickly and effectively. For example, Apple shares some internal information with its partners, such as software developers, sub-system supplies and dealers, and they work together to help Apple predict sales and adjust its production according to the prediction (Bahrami, 1992). Because of globalisation, business can be operated all over the world instead of limiting within a single country or a local area. It is costly and hard to start a new business in another area because regulation may be not the same as it is in home country, and customer preference may be different as well. However, if companies can adopt the strategy of joint venture, boundaries will not be a problem. Companies can also make good use of each others resources. For example, there was a joint venture between West European companies and companies in the ex-Soviet block. One party provided investment and experts, and the other provided labour and entry to the markets (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004, p558). In this way, they shared their production factors as well as getting access to markets. For network and partnerships, such as strategic alliance, there are many advantages, such as more access to resources and diversity of perspectives (Sturtevant and Lange, 1996). Strategic alliance can help companies to share resources and work efficiently. For example, in 1991, IBM, Apple and Motorola conducted a project (PowerPC) together; during the project, IBM provided their RISC microprocessor technology to Motorola; and then Motorola produced high-speed PowerPC chips for both Apple and IBM (Bertrand, 1992 as cited in Sengupta et al, 1998, p27). Greater flexibility, risks-sharing and options-generating can be achieved through partnerships (Evans, 1982). Partnerships can also help companies to respond quickly to unexpected change and adjust to it more efficiently (Hart, 1937). Some argued that companies use subcontracting and outsourcing in order to weaken trade unions bargaining power (as cited in Wallis, 2000, p730). Trade unions generally focus their attention on a unionised direct workforce. Therefore, companies can take advantage of this feature and undermine trade unions bargaining power. According to Prowse and Turner (1996), during the 1984-5 strike on coal industry, NCB introduced subcontracting on some coal-site tasks in order to fragment workforce and undermine organised labour force power in coal industry. Through subcontracting and outsourcing, pressure from hard, dangerous or boring tasks can be decreased. For some highly repeated low-skilled tasks, such as switching buttons, the turnover rate is high; because this kind of tasks requires almost no knowledge about the company, so it is a good idea to use agency workers to reduce employees pressure. This is also the case for some dangerous and unhealthy jobs. For example, for some strong-noisy jobs, no matter how good the protection device is, it is still bad for workers hearing if it lasts for a long time. It is humanity to use different people for short times. This is even the case in hospitals. In the accident and emergency department, staffs pressure is high because working in this department requires speed, efficiency and it often associated with some bloody occasion (Purcell et al, 2004). If hospitals can outsource some jobs to professional agencies, jobs can be completed as well as reducing employees pressure. There are other reasons that attract companies to use subcontracting and outsourcing. Subcontracting give employers chances to get access to specialist skills unavailable within the company (Holmes, 1986). For example, according to RJB Mining representatives, through subcontractors, they can get workers with specialist skills to undertake discontinuous tasks (Wallis et al, 2000, p.729). For hi-tech industries, it is sometimes hard to find highly-skilled workers within local areas. For example, ICTUK, a company which provided computer service to client companies, found that it was hard to find employees with skills they needed; so, ICTUK used Indian agency that provided required employees from India to UK (Purcell et al, 2004, p712). Because tasks are different at different time, if the company keeps all skilled workers as direct workers, it will be costly. By using subcontractors, company can get needed workers as well as saving money. Another reason companies prefer to subcontractor s is that it will be cheaper through outsourcing. Since they are temporary workers, the rate of pay is usually lower than direct workers; and companies do not need to provide some benefits to workers from contracting companies, such as holiday pay (Rees and Fielder, 1992). By using subcontracting, companies can also avoid investment in the latest machines and tools, which can save companies lot money (Lorenz, 1998). In addition to that, workers from contracting companies can conduct tasks more quickly than companies direct workers because they tend to focus on specific areas and require little or no training on needed skills (Wallis et al, 2000). It is also believed that using subcontracting can help companies to avoid morale problems on laying off regular employees (Kalleberg, 2003). Problems and Concerns about Decentralisation and Post-Bureaucracy Although there are many advantages of post-bureaucracy and decentralisation, there are still concerns and problems; they are inefficiency of the supply of skilled workers, hard for contractors to recruit and keep employees, imbalanced treatment between core workers and periphery workers, less control of temporary workers and their work, hard for government and unions to regulate, not good for teamwork within companies, and training programs constraint. Criticism of post-bureaucracy happened mostly in subcontracting. For subcontracting, concerns and problems mainly come from three aspects-the supply of labour (contractors), the demand of labour (client companies) and the government and unions. It is argued that the contractor sometimes experience insufficient supply of skilled/suitable labour which can cause problems (MacKenzie, 2000). Mackenzie mentioned that the insufficient supply of skilled/suitable labour cause problems to both contractors and client companies. For contractors, if they do not have the skilled workers to satisfy other companies need, they will have bad reputation, and their business will endanger and encounter close down. For companies which want to use agencies, if they cannot find the suitable workers they want, and hard to recruit direct workers, they will either complete these tasks with bad quality or not complete these tasks at all. The other problem faced by contractors is that it is hard for them to retain employees from different levels. Temporary workers are quite fluid, and sometimes contractors are not able to provide people required by client companies; people who work as temporary workers tend to move to contractors who provide the best p ay rates (MacKenzie, 2000, p.715). It is not possible for contractors to offer the highest pay rate all the time, so it is difficult for them to keep skilled workers at different times. This is especially true when the product market is competitive. Purcell argued that within competitive market, specialist skilled workers are usually in high demand; and they often chose to work for contractors who offer the highest bidder or achieve employment flexibility that fits in with their preferences rather than the employers (Purcell, et al, 2004, p.713). Because of the feature of highly fluid labour force, contractors tend to restraint and avoid training programs (MacKenzie, 2000, p.718). Through BTs case, he argued that BTs loss of qualified workers discourage BT to train its employees because BT was afraid that workers might leave the company after training. BTs reaction is reasonable. Just imagine, if BT keeps training all its employees with whatever the latest market requires, BT will o f course get qualified skilled workers. But, because workers tend to move towards best pay and benefits provision, finally, BT may end up with loss of qualified workers, and at the same time, it may increase its competitors competitive advantage because competitors get the qualified workers that BT have trained. It is believed that the client companies also take risks during subcontracting. The most obvious one is that they cannot always get the employees they want. If companies rely on subcontractors as traditions, once there is insufficient supply of skilled workers, companies may feel hard to recruit qualified workers (MacKenzie, 2000, p.716). For employees who get the required skills do not mean that they will complete the tasks correctly and effectively. Therefore, even if companies get skilled workers, there is also the possibility that they may interrupt the workflow or project (Roque, 2009). Based on Roques own experience, subcontract workers sometimes make decisions without asking client companies which may cause problems because they do not know the companies very well; subcontractors may also miss their deadlines or break their contracts. If the outsourced tasks are part of the whole project, ineffectively completing of those tasks can affect the project as a whole. Whats more, if managers in client companies do not know how to effectively use subcontract workers, there will be also risks of completing tasks ineffectively (Lyytinen and Ropponen, 2000). It is also complained that using temporary workers can lead to less effective teamwork (Purcell et al, 2004, p.715). They argued that since temporary workers are from outside of the company, they know little about the companys culture and doing things differently from direct workers. Because there is no direct control or less control from client companies, the quality of products and services provided by subcontract workers is not guaranteed. During research conducted in hospitals, Purcell et al found that temporary agency staff can cause problems on quality control and continuity of patient care which add more pressure on regular staff in hospitals (2004, p. 718). If a company does not have any experience on decentralisation, decentralisation may not be helpful. For example, after applying decentralisation, t here will be small groups of workers; and those small groups may feel aimless or they may work towards wrong directions (Bahrami, 1992, p. 37). For government and unions, it is hard to regulate and intervene. According to Lorenz (1998), the agreements between contractors and client companies are never in written form except for the order form. Lorenz also argued that because of these incomplete contracts, they cannot use courts to resolve disputes; they can only solve disputes, misunderstandings and ambiguities through discussion until they agree with each other. Then, it will be harder for government to intervene in disputes happened between those two parties. The triangular relationships in employment are especially hard to handle (Deakin, 2001). Governments are trying to regulate subcontracts, and there is extra subcontract administration cost added to governments ordinary costs (Howell, n.d.). In addition, it is argued that through decentralization, some macroeconomic policies are harder to implement and finally decrease stability (Prudhomme, 1994). For unions, it is easier for them to organise stable direct workers; and the emergence of temporary work agencies give unions new challenges to organise and regulate this kind of labour force because most of those temporary worker are not stable, and they move between companies, even between industries (Heery, 2004). In addition to that, many skilled workers have left unions and become self-employed open shop workers or employees of specialty subcontractors (as cited in Perng et al, 2005, p.1). In this way, union membership will decline, and unions bargaining powers will be weakened. It is possible that decentralisation costs companies more. Because of the centralised structure, companies can allocate and distribute resources more centralised and effectively. According to Lyons and Bailey (1993), through decentralisation, cost advantages, such as economies of scale, may be diminished. One advantage of subcontracting is that it can foster work flexibility. However, this is not always the case. Based on MacKenzies study about telecommunication industry, because workloads were different at different times, number of temporary workers required was different as well (2000). Using subcontractors supposed to be flexible, but contractors were not satisfied by the inconsistency of workflows. Therefore, in order to achieve agreements, client companies tried to make forecasts about workloads and tried to stay with that. According to Atkinson and Meager (as cited in MacKenzie, 2000), the effort of trying to manipulate workloads was contravene the flexible feature of contracting. It is argued that pay and benefits for core workers within companies and periphery workers in contractor firms are not equal. According to Atkinson and Gregory (as cited in Wallis et al, 2000), Workers who stay in the company permanently are core workers, and they enjoy great pay and benefit packages, and they usually do not need to worry about unemployment; however, for the periphery workers (subcontracting workers, temporary workers, part-time workers and self-employed workers), their jobs are insecure. It is also argued that the pay rate on the same kind of job is different for core workers and periphery workers (Mangum et al, 1985; Kalleberg, 2003). It is unfair treatment. According to Callaghan and Hartmann, because of subcontracting, there is a two-tiered system of employment, which means that core workers have good pay, benefits, opportunities for training and job security; while peripheral workers have lower wages, no benefits, worked in low-skilled jobs with few training opp ortunities, and face significant job instability and insecurity (see Smith, 1997, p. 328). However, temporary workers are not always in worse conditions compare with core workers. Purcell et al (2004) stated that for some professional agencies, such as nurses, the hourly pay rate for temporary nurses was even higher than the NHS-employed average nurses. No matter whose pay rate is higher, generally speaking, there are imbalanced treatment on pay and benefits between core workers and peripheral workers. Conclusion Post-bureaucracy encourages subcontracting, decentralisation, corporation and network. Companies with post-bureaucratic structure usually have loose management style, wider span of control and fewer hierarchies. Therefore, there will be greater autonomy within company which motivate employees to take responsibilities and contribute more to the company. Decentralisation is part of post-bureaucracy, and it is about giving more power to lower levels of work units. Small units can thus respond quickly to instant changes. Post-bureaucracy and decentralisation attract organisations because of both outside and inside incentives. It is generally about either reducing production costs, improving productivity or get resources, knowledge, information and technologies that are not available within one company. Through subcontracting, companies can get different levels of skilled employees that are not available within companies. In this way, companies can adjust number of workers used according to market change and periodical workload. Companies can also avoid bad reputation of dismissing employees all the time. Through subcontracting, labour cost can also be decreased because temporary workers pay rate tends to be lower than direct workers. Contract workers usually complete tasks quickly because they are focus on specific areas and require little or no training. Through network and partnership, companies can get wider range of resources and information. Companies can also contribute its own strength to the same project in order to get the best result. Through partnership, companies can share risks on unknown or new areas and get a wide range of perspectives from experts. By learning from each other, companies can always follow the fast changing technology, product market and customer demand. Although there are so many fantastic advantages that attract organisations to move to post-bureaucracy, there are also concerns and problem associated with it, and most of the problems focus on subcontracting. The insufficient supply of skilled/suitable workers from contractors is a big problem for both contractors and client companies. Because of the insufficient supply, contractors may lose clients and get bad reputation; while for client companies, without these required workers, tasks cannot be completed. This insufficient supply mainly due to that temporary workers tend to move towards best pay and benefit provision. This phenomenon may also lead to companies restrain training programs. Through subcontracting, there is a danger that products/services may be provided in poor quality because of the limited control by client companies. In addition, many people complained about the imbalanced treatment between core workers and periphery workers. Generally speaking, on the aspects of pay rate, benefit package, training provision and job security, periphery workers are in worse condition compared with situation for core workers. Whats more, segmentation of workforce is also hard for government and unions to organise and regulate. According to the concerns and problems mentioned above, post-bureaucracy still has a long way to improve. Solutions can be provided based on the problems. Government and unions can make special rules for those labour; companies can keep several contractors instead of one in order to get needed workers all the time; client companies and contractors can try to balance core workers and temporary workers pay and benefit package together; and client companies can assign certain people from own companies to supervise subcontracting workers work, and make sure they are in good quality.

Research In Motion Essay

Research In Motion (RIM) is most famously knows for its smart phone device Blackberry. Blackberry, when first introduced in 1999, took the corporate market by storm because of its capability of storing and managing e-mails along with other professional tools. Later the introduction of Black Berry Messenger (BBM) was another successful addition and made it famous among the non-corporate user class all around the globe. From its inception to the introduction of Blackberry and until today, RIM has had various challenges in terms of safeguarding its intellectual property and took some steps to counteract those problems which I will be discussing in this paper. 1.What were some of the challenges that RIM faced to protect its intellectual property, and how did RIM handle those challenges? The first challenge for RIM was in 2001 when it claimed that its competitor Glenayre Electronics infringed on its patent and charged dilution, unfair competition, and false advertising (1). As a result RIM sued them over using its patented mailbox integration technique that was exclusive to its Blackberry smartphone device which was later settled in their favor (2). Another lawsuit filed by RIM was against Good Technology in 2002. RIM alleged that Good was infringing on four of its patents. The first is â€Å"for a method and apparatus to remotely control gateway functions in a wireless data communications network.† The second â€Å"relates to a method and system for loading an application program on a device.† The third â€Å"relates to a method and system for transmitting data files between computers in a wireless data communications environment.† And the fourth â€Å"relates to a mobile device that is optimized for use with thumbs† (3). Finally in 2004 Good Technology signed a settlement with RIM under which it will give RIM a lump-sum payment during its current quarter and ongoing quarterly royalties. Further financial details of the agreement were not disclosed (4). Later in 2006, RIM was sued by mobile e-mail provider Visto Corporation that RIM violated four of its patents. The patents in question relate to the accessing and synchronizing of information over a network and are fundamental to the BlackBerry service (5). After a long battle of three years, in 2009 RIM agreed to pay $267.5 million to settle this dispute adding to a costly series of intellectual-property purchases (6). The company spent more than $1 billion in the past two years on intangible assets, such as patents. It booked part of the cost of the Visto settlement, which gave them a lifetime license to some Visto patents and legal possession of others, as an acquisition of intangible assets (6). Another big event was the RIM-Motorolla lawsuits in 2008 when Motorolla filed a lawsuit against RIM for using its patented technology but in reply RIM sued back Motorolla. RIM filed the lawsuit for â€Å"demanding exorbitant royalties† on patents that were essential to RIM’s business. Besides being accused of â€Å"anti-competitive conduct,† Motorola was also accused of violating nine different patents and for breaking a 2003 agreement by refusing to agree to new terms beyond January 2008. Adding injury to lawsuit, RIM also claimed that Motorola’s licensing fees were due to â€Å"declining fortunes of its handset business† (7). This long battle came to an end when both companies settled out of court. Under the Agreement, Motorola and RIM will benefit from a long-term, intellectual property cross-licensing arrangement involving the parties receiving cross-licenses of various patent rights, including patent rights relating to certain industry standards and certain technologies, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 802.11 and wireless email. In addition, the parties will transfer certain patents to each other (8). 2.What were some of the industry factors that influenced RIM? Industry factors that influenced RIM are Competition, Scale and Future (9). Patents, copyrights and trademarks help a firm safeguard its intellectual assets giving it an edge in the market and enabling to stay competitive in the market. From the lawsuits discussed above, we can see that just in 10 years on inception, RIM had over seven patent related issues for its technology. In technological field, a patent enables a firm to bank on its technology by not allowing other firms to use and produce it. So it enables the firm with the patent to have exclusive right to that technology and have a competitive advantage. When a firm’s technology is successful, patent enables that firm to exploit from it and hence expand their firms scale by securing a larger consumer base leading to a better bright future for the firm. 3.Apply as many TCOs as you can to the RIM. There are quite a few TCOs that can be applied to RIM. Competence Enhancing and Component Innovation applies very well to RIM. Looking at the introduction of Blackberry in 1999, after 14 years we still find them have a strong demand among the smartphone consumer base. So RIM has constantly been improving its blackberry phones keeping them up to date by providing new features that keep the consumer base attracted. Similarly if we look at introduction of features like e-mail service and BBM for blackberry, they are following the component innovation ideology discussed in the course. On the other hand, RIM also follows the concept Network Externalities. BBM can be a good example to support this. Anyone with a blackberry anywhere in the world can send a free message to the other blackberry user using the blackberry network. BBM is actually one of the features’ that has protected Blackberry against I-phone. Tying to BBM, RIM also follows the policy of Trade Secret because no one other than the corporation itself has access to the BBM data. RIM has gone to an extent that recently in India, even the government was not allowed to access the BBM data and after a 19 month service ban the government, RIM finally allowed them to have access but through a different server (10).

How Can Men and Woman Communicate More Effectively Through Technology

How can men and women communicate more effectively through technology? * Women are more expressive when they type or text, on the other hand men aren’t as expressive .EX: women may use more punctuation or emoticons * Men should try to be expressive so that it doesn’t like they don’t care or to let the woman know they are listening and caring about what they have to say * Or, women should try to tone it down a bit with the seriousness of everything when everything doesn’t have to be so critical or over exciting for no reason * When communicating through texts or email, since women tend to be more expressive they tend to max out the the160 character message limit (news wise) * Men would probably listen more if they didn’t have to read such lengthy texts.Women should probably try to fit what they have to say in few words that still get their point across. * The best ways of communication would obviously be face to face but next to that, technology like chat rooms and instant messaging and social networking sites make it easier for opposite sex to talk to each other. (eCommunications) * Takes away the stress and pressure of talking in person. If these are the ways men and woman communicate, they need to make sure that they think about the misinterpretations that could happen. To avoid the misinterpretation, men and woman should both understand that technology isn’t a real serious way of communicating just in case the whole misinterpretation gets in the middle of things and starts drama. * Sources: * â€Å"When Texting, Eligible Women Express Themselves Better.   Newswise: News for Journalists, Press Release Distribution for Public Relations. Indiana University. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www. newswise. com/articles/when-texting-eligible-women-express-themselves-better>. * â€Å"Best Ways to Communicate Through Technology. †Ã‚  ECommunications. ECommunications. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://efunsoft. com/best -ways-to-communicate-through-technology. htm>.

African-American History Timeline 1910 to 1919

Like the previous decade, African-Americans continued to fight against racial injustice. Using various methods of protest--writing editorials, publishing news, literary and scholarly journals as well as organizing peaceful protests--African-Americans began to expose the ills of segregation not only to the United States but the world. 1910 According to U.S. Census data, African-Americans make up ten percent of the United States population.The National Urban League (NUL) is established in New York City. The purpose of the Urban League was to help African-Americans find jobs and housing resources.The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) established the first issue of Crisis. W.E.B. Du Bois becomes the monthly magazines first editor in chief.Throughout the United States, local ordinances are established to segregate neighborhoods. Towns such as Baltimore, Dallas, Louisville, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Richmond, Roanoke and St. Louis establish such ordinances separating African-American and white neighborhoods. 1911 Kappa Alpha Psi, an African-American fraternity is established at Indiana University.Omega Psi Phi is established at Howard University. 1912 An estimated sixty-one African-Americans are lynched.W.C. Handy publishes Memphis Blues in Memphis.Claude McKay publishes two collections of poetry, Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads. 1913 The 50th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is celebrated.Delta Sigma Theta, an African-American sorority, is established at Howard University.Woodrow Wilsons administration establishes federal segregation. Across the United States, federal work environments, lunch areas, and restrooms are segregated.African-American newspapers such as the California Eagle began campaigns to protest the portrayal of African-Americans in D.W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation. As a result of editorials and articles published in African-American newspapers, the film was banned in many communities throughout the United States.The Apollo Theater is founded in New York City. 1915 The Great Migration picks up steam as African-Americans leave the South for Northern cities.The Oklahoma Grandfather Clause is overturned in Guinn v. the United States.Carter G. Woodson establishes the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). That same year, Woodson also publishes The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861.The NAACP proclaims that Lift Every Voice and Sing is the African-American national anthem. The song was written and composed by two brothers, James Weldon and Rosamond Johnson.Booker T. Washington dies. 1916 Marcus Garvey establishes the New York branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).Woodsons ANSLH publishes the first scholarly journal dedicated to African-American History. The publication is called Journal of Negro History.James Weldon Johnson becomes field secretary for the NAACP. In this position, Johnson organizes mass demonstrations against racism and violence. He also increases the NAACPs membership rolls in southern states, an action that would set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement decades later. 1917 When the United States enters World War I on April 6, an estimated 370,000 African-Americans join the armed forces. More than half serve in the French war zone and more than 1000 African-American officers command troops. As a result, 107 African-American soldiers are awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government.The East St. Louis Race Riot begins on July 1. When the two-day riot is over, an estimated forty people are killed, several hundred are hurt and thousands are displaced from their homes.The NAACP organizes a silent march in response to lynchings, race riots, and social injustice. Considered the first major civil rights demonstration of the 20th Century, almost 10,000 African-Americans participate in the march.The Messenger is established by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen. 1918 Three African-Americans and two whites are killed in the Chester, Pa. race riot. Within days, another race riot erupts in Philadelphia killing three African-Americans and one white resident. 1919 Eighty-three African-Americans are lynched--many of them soldiers returning home from World War I. At the same time, the Ku Klux Klan is operating out of 27 states.The pamphlet, Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1898-1918 is published by the NAACP. The report is used to appeal to lawmakers to end the social, political and economic terrorism associated with lynching.From May 1919 to October 1919, a number of race riots erupted in cities throughout the United States. James Weldon Johnson names these race riots as the Red Summer of 1919. In response, Claude McKay publishes the poem, If We Must Die.The West Virginia State Supreme Court decides that an African-American is denied equal protection under the law if there are no African-American jury members.Claude A. Barnett develops the Associated Negro Press.The Peace Mission Movement is established by Father Divine in Sayville, NY.The Homesteader is released in Chicago. It is the first film to be produced by Oscar Micheaux. F or the next forty years, Micheaux will become one of the most prominent African-American filmmakers by producing and directing 24 silents films and 19 sound films.